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Hi,
Just noticed that the current mg tutorial file has lots of places where it
calls itself Emacs instead of mg. On top of that, the tutorial file has a GPL
license.
I took the liberty of rewriting the tutorial file from scratch to make it
mg specific and now it also has a BSD license.
Cheers,
Mayukh
==================== Patch follows below ===============================
Index: tutorial
===================================================================
RCS file: /cvs/src/usr.bin/mg/tutorial,v
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -r1.4 tutorial
1c1
< Copyright (c) 1985 Richard M. Stallman. See end for copying conditions.
---
> Copyright (c) 2008 Mayukh Bose. See end of document for copyright
information.
3c3,4
< You are looking at the Emacs tutorial.
---
> The mg Tutorial
> ---------------
5,7c6,9
< Emacs commands generally involve the CONTROL key or the META (ESC)
< key. Rather than write out META or CONTROL each time we want you to
< prefix a character, we'll use the following abbreviations:
---
> Most mg commands involve using the Control (sometimes labelled "Ctrl") or
the
> Meta (sometimes labelled "Alt") key. If you don't have a Meta or Alt key on
> your keyboard, you may use the Esc key instead. Rather than spelling out
Ctrl
> or Meta throughout this tutorial, we'll use the following convention:
9,11c11,14
< C-<chr> means hold the CONTROL key while typing the character <chr>
< Thus, C-f would be: hold the CONTROL key and type f.
< M-<chr> means type <ESC>, release it, then type the character <chr>.
---
> C-<chr> means hold down the Control key while typing the character
<chr>.
> Thus, C-a means: hold down the Control key and type a.
> M-<chr> means hold down the Meta key while typing the character <chr>.
> Thus, M-s means: hold down the Meta key and type s.
13,14c16,18
< The characters ">>" at the left margin indicate directions for you to
< try using a command. For instance:
---
> If you are forced to use the Esc key instead of the Meta key, press Esc,
> release it and then type the character you want. For instance, you can
press
> the Esc key, release it and then type s.
16,19c20,21
< >> Now type C-v (View next screen) to move to the next screen.
< (go ahead, do it by depressing the control key and v together).
< From now on, you'll be expected to do this whenever you finish
< reading the screen.
---
> >> Now type C-v (Control key and v) to move to the next screen.
> You should be taken to the next screen when you type that key
combination.
21,22c23
< Note that there is an overlap when going from screen to screen; this
< provides some continuity when moving through the file.
---
> Congratulations, you have now moved to the next screen.
24,26c25,27
< The first thing that you need to know is how to move around from
< place to place in the file. You already know how to move forward a
< screen, with C-v. To move backwards a screen, type M-v (type <ESC>v).
---
> Note that when you move to the next screen, you may still see the last line
of
> the previous screen as the first line in the next one. This provides some
> continuity when you move from one screen to the next.
28c29,31
< >> Try typing M-v and then C-v to move back and forth a few times.
---
> To move back to the previous screen, you can type M-v. If you don't have a
> Meta or Alt key, press and release Esc and then type v. To move forward
again,
> you can press C-v.
29a33,34
> This brings up the first lesson of using mg. The Ctrl and Meta key
combinations
> generally perform similar functions.
31,93c36
< SUMMARY
< -------
<
< The following commands are useful for viewing screenfuls:
<
< C-v Move forward one screenful
< M-v Move backward one screenful
< C-l Clear screen and redisplay everything
< putting the text near the cursor at the center.
< (That's control-L, not control-1.
< There is no such character as control-1.)
<
< >> Find the cursor and remember what text is near it.
< Then type a C-l.
< Find the cursor again and see what text is near it now.
<
<
< BASIC CURSOR CONTROL
< --------------------
<
< Getting from screenful to screenful is useful, but how do you
< reposition yourself within a given screen to a specific place? There
< are several ways you can do this. One way (not the best, but the most
< basic) is to use the commands previous, backward, forward and next.
< As you can imagine these commands (which are given to Emacs as C-p,
< C-b, C-f, and C-n respectively) move the cursor from where it
< currently is to a new place in the given direction. It is also
< possible to move the cursor with the arrow keys, but this requires you
< move your hand from the keyboard, it is also not supported on other
< machines that do support Emacs. Emacs runs on everything from a CP/M
< machine to large mainframes. Here then, in a more graphical form are
< the commands:
<
< Previous line, C-p
< :
< :
< Backward, C-b .... Current cursor position .... Forward, C-f
< :
< :
< Next line, C-n
<
< >> Move the cursor to the line in the middle of that diagram
< and type C-l to see the whole diagram centered in the screen.
<
< You'll probably find it easy to think of these by letter. P for
< previous, N for next, B for backward and F for forward. These are
< the basic cursor positioning commands and you'll be using them ALL
< the time so it would be of great benefit if you learn them now.
<
< >> Do a few C-n's to bring the cursor down to this line.
<
< >> Move into the line with C-f's and then up with C-p's.
< See what C-p does when the cursor is in the middle of the line.
<
< >> Try to C-b at the beginning of a line. Do a few more C-b's.
< Then do C-f's back to the end of the line and beyond.
<
< When you go off the top or bottom of the screen, the text beyond
< the edge is shifted onto the screen so that your instructions can
< be carried out while keeping the cursor on the screen.
<
< >> Try to move the cursor off the bottom of the screen with C-n and
< see what happens.
---
> >> Try typing M-v and C-v to move back and forth a few times.
95,96c38
< If moving by characters is too slow, you can move by words. M-f
< (ESC-f) moves forward a word and M-b moves back a word.
---
> >> Try typing C-v to move to the next screen.
98d39
< >> Type a few M-f's and M-b's. Intersperse them with C-f's and C-b's.
100,105d40
< Notice the parallel between C-f and C-b on the one hand, and M-f and
< M-b on the other hand. Very often Meta characters are used for
< operations related to English text whereas Control characters operate
< on the basic textual units that are independent of what you are
< editing (characters, lines, etc). C-a and C-e move to the beginning or
< end of a line.
107,108c42,43
< >> Try a couple of C-a's, and then a couple of C-e's.
< See how repeated C-a's do nothing.
---
> Basic Movement Commands
> -----------------------
110,116c45,49
< Two other simple cursor motion commands are M-< (Meta Less-than),
< which moves to the beginning of the file, and M-> (Meta Greater-than),
< which moves to the end of the file. You probably don't need to try
< them, since finding this spot again will be boring. On most terminals
< the "<" is above the comma and you must use the shift key to type it.
< On these terminals you must use the shift key to type M-< also;
< without the shift key, you would be typing M-comma.
---
> Now that you know how to move from screen to screen, it is time to learn
the
> commands that move your cursor within a screen. You may be able to use the
> cursor keys (they are labelled with arrow symbols) to move up, down, left
or
> right. If you cannot get these keys to work, you may also use C-p, C-n, C-b
> and C-f to move the cursor.
118,120c51,52
< The location of the cursor in the text is also called "point". To
< paraphrase, the cursor shows on the screen where point is located in
< the text.
---
> You can remember these commands by letter: P - Previous line, N - next
line,
> B - backwards and F - forward.
122,123c54
< Here is a summary of simple moving operations including the word and
< sentence moving commands:
---
> >> Use the arrow keys or the C-p, C-n etc. to move around this screen.
125,126c56,58
< C-f Move forward a character
< C-b Move backward a character
---
> The next key to learn about is the C-l key (Control and lowercase L). This
> refreshes the screen and centers the cursor on the line where you typed the
> key combination.
128,129c60,61
< M-f Move forward a word
< M-b Move backward a word
---
> >> Try typing C-l now to refresh your screen. The screen should redraw and
> center itself on the line that you typed C-l on.
131,132c63,65
< c-n Move to next line
< C-p Move to previous line
---
> Moving one character at a time is not necessarily efficient. To move one
word
> at a time, you can use M-f and M-b to move forwards and backwards one word
> at a time.
134,135c67
< C-a Move to beginning of line
< C-e Move to end of line
---
> >> Try moving one word at a time by using M-f and M-b on this line.
137,138c69,71
< M-< Go to beginning of file
< M-> Go to end of file
---
> The next commands to learn are how to move to the beginning and end of a
line.
> To move to the beginning of a line, you may use the Home key or C-a. To move
> to the end of a line, use the End key or C-e.
140,143c73
< >> Try all of these commands now a few times for practice.
< Since the last two will take you away from this screen,
< you can come back here with M-v's and C-v's. These are
< the most often used commands.
---
> >> Try moving to the beginning and end of this line using the above
commands.
145,148c75,79
< Like all other commands in Emacs, these commands can be given
< arguments which cause them to be executed repeatedly. The way you
< give a command a repeat count is by typing C-u and then the digits
< before you type the command.
---
> Two other commands to learn are M-< (Meta-Less than) and M-> (Meta-Greater
> than) which move you to the beginning and end of the file respectively. You
> may not want to try that now as you will probably lose your place in this
> tutorial. Note that on most terminals, < is above the , key, so you'll need
> to press the Shift key to type <.
150,166c81
< For instance, C-u 8 C-f moves forward eight characters.
<
< >> Try giving a suitable argument to C-n or C-p to come as close
< as you can to this line in one jump.
<
< The only apparent exception to this is the screen moving commands,
< C-v and M-v. When given an argument, they scroll the screen up or
< down by that many lines, rather than screenfuls. This proves to be
< much more useful.
<
< >> Try typing C-u 8 C-v now.
<
< Did it scroll the screen up by 8 lines? If you would like to
< scroll it down you can give an argument to M-v.
<
<
< WHEN EMACS IS HUNG
---
> Movement Summary
169,180c84,104
< If Emacs gets into an infinite (or simply very long) computation which
< you don't want to finish, you can stop it safely by typing C-g.
< You can also use C-g to discard a numeric argument or the beginning of
< a command that you don't want to finish.
<
< >> Type C-u 100 to make a numeric arg of 100, then type C-g.
< Now type C-f. How many characters does it move?
< If you have typed an <ESC> by mistake, you can get rid of it
< with a C-g.
<
< WINDOWS
< -------
---
> C-f Move forward one character (can also use arrow key)
> C-b Move backward one character (can also use arrow key)
> M-f Move forward one word
> M-b Move backward one word
> C-a Move to beginning of line (can also use Home key)
> C-e Move to end of line (can also use End key)
> C-v Move forward one page
> M-v Move backward one page
> M-< Move to beginning of line
> M-> Move to end of line
>
> Now that you've mastered the basics of moving around in mg, you can cause
mg
> to execute these commands multiple times. The way to do this is to type
> C-u followed by some digits followed by a movement command.
>
> >> Type C-u 5 C-f to move forward 5 characters.
>
> In general, C-u allows you to execute any command multiple times, not just
> cursor motion commands. The only exception to this rule are C-v and M-v.
> When using these two commands with an argument, they move the cursor by that
> many lines instead of pages.
182,203c106
< Emacs can have several windows, each displaying its own text.
< At this stage it is better not to go into the techniques of
< using multiple windows. But you do need to know how to get
< rid of extra windows that may appear to display help or
< output from certain commands. It is simple:
<
< C-x 1 One window (i.e., kill all other windows).
<
< That is Control-x followed by the digit 1.
< C-x 1 makes the window which the cursor is in become
< the full screen, by getting rid of any other windows.
<
< >> Move the cursor to this line and type C-l (Control-L).
< >> Type M-x. The cursor will move to the bottom of the screen.
< >> Type the words "describe-bindings" and hit return.
< See how this window shrinks, while a new one appears
< to display which functions are connected to which keys.
<
< >> Type C-x 1 and see the documentation listing window disappear.
<
<
< INSERTING AND DELETING
---
> Cancelling mg commands
206,213c109,110
< If you want to insert text, just type it. Characters which you can
< see, such as A, 7, *, etc. are taken by Emacs as text and inserted
< immediately. Type <Return> (the carriage-return key) to insert a
< Newline character.
<
< You can delete the last character you typed by typing <DEL>. More
< generally, <DEL> deletes the character immediately before the current
< cursor position.
---
> If you have started typing out a command that you didn't mean to finish,
you
> can use the C-g command to cancel the command immediately.
215,218c112,113
< >> Do this now, type a few characters and then delete them
< by typing <DEL> a few times. Don't worry about this file
< being changed; you won't affect the master tutorial. This is just
< a copy of it.
---
> >> For example, type C-u 50 and then type C-g to cancel the C-u command.
> >> Type Esc and then C-g to cancel the Esc key.
220,226c115,117
< >> Now start typing text until you reach the right margin, and keep
< typing. When a line of text gets too big for one line on the
< screen, the line of text is "continued" off the edge of the screen.
< The dollar sign at the right margin indicates a line which has
< been continued.
< >> Use <DEL>s to delete the text until the line fits on one screen
< line again. The continuation mark goes away.
---
> In general, you can use C-g to stop any mg commands. You may type it
multiple
> times if you wish. You should see the word "Quit" appear in the bottom of
the
> screen when you type C-g indicating that a command was cancelled.
228,232c119
< >> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line and type <DEL>. This
< deletes the newline before the line and merges the line onto
< the previous line. The resulting line may be too long to fit, in
< which case it has a continuation mark.
< >> Type <Return> to reinsert the Newline you deleted.
---
> In general, when in doubt, use C-g to get out of trouble.
234,292c121,122
< Remember that most Emacs commands can be given a repeat count;
< this includes characters which insert themselves.
<
< >> Try that now -- type C-u 8 * and see what happens.
<
< You've now learned the most basic way of typing something in
< Emacs and correcting errors. You can delete by words or lines
< as well. Here is a summary of the delete operations:
<
< <DEL> delete the character just before the cursor
< C-d delete the next character after the cursor
<
< M-<DEL> kill the word immediately before the cursor
< M-d kill the next word after the cursor
<
< C-k kill from the cursor position to end of line
<
< Notice that <DEL> and C-d vs M-<DEL> and M-d extend the parallel
< started by C-f and M-f (well, <DEL> isn't really a control
< character, but let's not worry about that).
<
< Now suppose you kill something, and then you decide that you want to
< get it back? Well, whenever you kill something bigger than a
< character, Emacs saves it for you. To yank it back, use C-y. You
< can kill text in one place, move elsewhere, and then do C-y; this is
< a good way to move text around. Note that the difference
< between "Killing" and "Deleting" something is that "Killed" things
< can be yanked back, and "Deleted" things cannot. Generally, the
< commands that can destroy a lot of text save it, while the ones that
< attack only one character, or nothing but blank lines and spaces, do
< not save.
<
< For instance, type C-n a couple times to position the cursor
< at some line on this screen.
<
< >> Do this now, move the cursor and kill that line with C-k.
<
< Note that a single C-k kills the contents of the line, and a second
< C-k kills the line itself, and make all the other lines move up. If
< you give C-k a repeat count, it kills that many lines AND their
< contents.
<
< The text that has just disappeared is saved so that you can
< retrieve it. To retrieve the last killed text and put it where
< the cursor currently is, type C-y.
<
< >> Try it; type C-y to yank the text back.
<
< Think of C-y as if you were yanking something back that someone
< took away from you. Notice that if you do several C-k's in a row
< the text that is killed is all saved together so that one C-y will
< yank all of the lines.
<
< >> Do this now, type C-k several times.
<
< Now to retrieve that killed text:
<
< >> Type C-y. Then move the cursor down a few lines and type C-y
< again. You now see how to copy some text.
---
> Windows
> -------
293a124,240
> The mg editor can support several windows at the same time, each one
displaying
> different text. To split a screen into two horizontal windows use C-x 2 to
do
> this. To return to one window, use C-x 1 to close the other windows and
only
> keep the current window.
>
> >> Use C-x 2 to split the screen into two windows.
>
> >> Use C-x o to move from one window to the other.
>
> >> Use C-x 1 to restore back to one window.
>
> Inserting/Deleting Text
> -----------------------
>
> To insert text anywhere, simply move your cursor to the appropriate
position
> and begin typing lines. To delete characters, use the backspace key.
>
> To delete characters to the right of the cursor, you can use C-d to delete
> characters to the right of the current position. If you use M-d instead of
> C-d, you can delete one word at a time instead of one character at a time.
>
> >> Try inserting and deleting characters and words on this line.
>
> Note that if you type too many characters on a single line, the line will
> scroll off the screen and you will see a $ on the line to indicate that the
> line is too long to fit on the screen at one time.
>
> To delete a line at a time, you can use C-k to kill the line from the
current
> cursor position to the end of the line. You can type C-k multiple times to
> kill many lines.
>
> You can issue insert or delete commands multiple times using C-u. For
example,
> C-u 10 e will type out eeeeeeeeee, C-u 4 M-d will delete four words to the
> right of the cursor and so on.
>
> To undo any operation, you can use C-_ (That's control-underscore).
>
> Now if you kill something that you didn't mean to, you can yank it back
from
> the dead by using C-y. In general, when you kill something bigger than a
single
> character, mg saves it in a buffer somewhere and you can restore it by
using
> C-y. This is useful for moving text around. You can kill text in one place,
> move your cursor to the new location and then use C-y to paste it there.
>
> Search Text
> -----------
>
> To search for text, type C-s followed by the text you wish to search for.
Note
> that as you start typing the characters, mg automatically searches as you
type
> the characters.
>
> To continue searching the text you're looking for, type C-s to find the
next
> instance. To search in reverse, type C-r instead of C-s. If you type C-s or
> C-r twice, it will simply search for the last text that you searched for.
>
> To stop searching for text, simply use the arrow keys or C-g to stop the
> search operation.
>
> >> Use C-s foo to search for "foo" in the text. You can use C-s again to
> find other instances of foo in the file.
>
> Note that if a word cannot be found, it will say Failing I-search: at the
> bottom of the screen. Typing C-s again will wrap the search around from the
> top of the file and begin searching from there.
>
> Replace Text
> ------------
>
> To replace text, use M-%. You will be prompted for the text to search for
and
> the text to replace it with. You will then be taken to the first instance
of
> text from the current position. At this point you can do one of the
following:
>
> y - Replace the text at this instance and search for more items
> n - Skip this instance and search for more items
> . or Enter - Stop replacing text (You can also use C-g)
> ! - Replace all the instances without prompting at each one.
>
> Cut/Copy/Paste Text
> -------------------
>
> As explained above, you can cut regions using C-k to kill multiple lines.
To
> paste the text that you just cut, simply move your cursor to the point and
> then type C-y to restore the text. You may type C-y multiple times to
restore
> the text. Hence, to copy text, you can use C-k to kill all the lines, use
C-y
> to restore it immediately, then move to the region you want to copy it to
and
> then type C-y again to restore the last cut again.
>
> Another way to cut or copy chunks of text is to first position your cursor
at
> the starting point of the chunk of text. Then type C-space to mark this as
the
> starting point to cut or copy. Then move the cursor to the end point of the
> text chunk that you wish to manipulate. Then type C-w to cut the region, or
> M-w to copy the region. If you wish to cancel marking a block of text,
simply
> type C-g to cancel the operation.
>
> To paste the region that you've cut or copied above, simply move your cursor
> to the desired location and then type C-y to paste it.
>
> Status Line
> -----------
>
> At the bottom of your screen is a reverse highlighted line. This is the
status
> line and lets you know some useful information about the file you're
editing.
>
> On the status line, you should see "Mg: tutorial". This lets you know that
> you're editing a file named "tutorial". If you've edited this file and not
> saved it, it should have a "**" to the left of those words. If this file is
> read-only, you should see a "%%" to the left of those words.
>
> To the right of the status line, you should see L followed by digits and C
> followed by some more digits. These indicate the line number and column
number
> of the file that your cursor is currently on. If you move the cursor
around,
> you should see the line and column number change.
>
> In the middle of the screen, you should see the word "(fundamental)" which
> indicates that the current editing mode is "fundamental-mode". The mg
editor
> also supports a c-mode that is more suited to editing C code. There are
also
> some other useful editing modes for different situations. See the man pages
> for mg(1) determine how to change editing modes.
295c242
< FILES
---
> Files
298,353c245,258
< In order to make the text you edit permanent, you must put it in a
< file. Otherwise, it will go away when your invocation of Emacs goes
< away. You put your editing in a file by "finding" the file. What
< finding means is that you see the contents of the file in your Emacs;
< and, loosely speaking, what you are editing is the file itself.
< However, the changes still don't become permanent until you "save" the
< file. This is so you can have control to avoid leaving a half-changed
< file around when you don't want to.
<
< If you look near the bottom of the screen you will see a line that
< begins and ends with dashes, and contains the string:
< "Mg: TUTORIAL"
< Your copy of the Emacs tutorial is called "TUTORIAL". Whatever
< file you find, that file's name will appear in that precise
< spot.
<
< The commands for finding and saving files are unlike the other
< commands you have learned in that they consist of two characters.
< They both start with the character Control-x. There is a whole series
< of commands that start with Control-x; many of them have to do with
< files, buffers, and related things, and all of them consist of
< Control-x followed by some other character.
<
< Another thing about the command for finding a file is that you have
< to say what file name you want. We say the command "reads an argument
< from the terminal" (in this case, the argument is the name of the
< file). After you type the command
<
< C-x C-f Find a file
<
< Emacs asks you to type the file name. It echoes on the bottom line of
< the screen. When you type <Return> to end the file name it disappears.
<
< >> Type C-x C-f, then type C-g. This cancels the C-x C-f command
< that was using the minibuffer. So you do not find any file.
<
< In a little while the file contents appear on the screen. You can
< edit the contents. When you wish to make the changes permanent,
< issue the command
<
< C-x C-s Save the file
<
< The contents of Emacs are written into the file.
<
< When saving is finished, Emacs prints the name of the file written.
< You should save fairly often, so that you will not lose very much
< work if the system should crash.
<
< >> Type C-x C-s, saving your copy of the tutorial.
< This should print "Wrote TUTORIAL" at the bottom of the screen.
<
< To make a new file, just find it "as if" it already existed. Then
< start typing in the text. When you ask to "save" the file, Emacs
< will really create the file with the text that you have inserted.
< >From then on, you can consider yourself to be editing an already
< existing file.
---
> To open a new file, you can use C-x C-f. You will then be prompted to open
> a file. You can type the name of the file you wish to open, and use the TAB
> key for autocompleting file names. If you type a file name that does not
> already exist, a new file will be opened for you.
>
> NOTE: If you type C-x f instead of C-x C-f, you can use C-g to cancel the
> Set-Fill-Column command. You can also use C-g to cancel the C-x C-f command
> if you don't wish to open a new file.
>
> To save the file once you've edited it, use C-x C-s to save the file. When
> mg is done saving the file, you should see the words "Wrote /path/to/file"
> in the bottom of your screen. In general, it is a good idea to save quite
> often. When you save a file, mg saves a backup of the file with a tilde (~)
> character at the end.
355,356c260
<
< BUFFERS
---
> Buffers
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< If you find a second file with C-x C-f, the first file remains inside
< Emacs. This way you can get quite a number of files inside Emacs.
<
< The object inside Emacs which holds the text read from one file
< is called a "buffer." Finding a file makes a new buffer inside Emacs.
< To see a list of the buffers that exist in Emacs, type
<
< C-x C-b List buffers
<
< >> Try C-x C-b now.
<
< See how each buffer has a name, and it may also have a file name
< for the file whose contents it holds. Some buffers do not correspond
< to files. For example, the buffer named "*Buffer List*" does
< not have any file. It is the buffer which contains the buffer
< list that was made by C-x C-b. ANY text you see in an Emacs window
< has to be in some buffer.
<
< >> Type C-x 1 to get rid of the buffer list.
<
< If you make changes to the text of one file, then find another file,
< this does not save the first file. Its changes remain inside Emacs,
< in that file's buffer. The creation or editing of the second file's
< buffer has no effect on the first file's buffer. This is very useful,
< but it also means that you need a convenient way to save the first
< file's buffer. It would be a nuisance to have to switch back to
< it with C-x C-f in order to save it with C-x C-s. So we have
<
< C-x s Save some buffers
<
< C-x s goes through the list of all the buffers you have
< and finds the ones that contain files you have changed.
< For each such buffer, C-x s asks you whether to save it.
<
<
< EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET
< -------------------------
<
< There are many, many more Emacs commands than could possibly be put
< on all the control and meta characters. Emacs gets around this with
< the X (eXtend) command. This comes in two flavors:
<
< C-x Character eXtend. Followed by one character.
< M-x Named command eXtend. Followed by a long name.
<
< These are commands that are generally useful but used less than the
< commands you have already learned about. You have already seen two
< of them: the file commands C-x C-f to Find and C-x C-s to Save.
< Another example is the command to tell Emacs that you'd like to stop
< editing and get rid of Emacs. The command to do this is C-x C-c.
< (Don't worry; it offers to save each changed file before it kills the
< Emacs.)
<
< C-z is the usual way to exit Emacs, because it is always better not to
< kill the Emacs if you are going to do any more editing. On systems
< which allow it, C-z exits from Emacs to a CLI but does not destroy the
< Emacs; you can resume editing by ending that CLI or depth arranging.
<
< You would use C-x C-c if you were running out of memory. You would
< also use it to exit an Emacs invoked under mail handling programs and
< other random utilities, since they may not believe you have really
< finished using the Emacs if it continues to exist.
<
< There are many C-x commands. The ones you know are:
<
< C-x C-f Find file.
< C-x C-s Save file.
< C-x C-b List buffers.
< C-x C-c Quit Emacs.
<
< Named eXtended commands are commands which are used even less
< frequently, or commands which are used only in certain modes. These
< commands are usually called "functions". An example is the function
< replace-string, which globally replaces one string with another. When
< you type M-x, Emacs prompts you at the bottom of the screen with
< M-x and you should type the name of the function you wish to call; in
< this case, "query-replace". Just type "que<TAB>" and Emacs will
< complete the name. End the command name with <Return>.
< Then type the two "arguments"--the string to be replaced, and the string
< to replace it with--each one ended with a Return.
<
< >> Move the cursor to the blank line two lines below this one.
< Then type M-x repl s<Return>changed<Return>altered<Return>.
<
< Notice how this line has changed: you've replaced
< the word c-h-a-n-g-e-d with "altered" wherever it occurred
< after the cursor.
---
> The mg editor is capable of editing multiple files at the same time. When
you
> open a second file with C-x C-f, the first file is still being edited by
mg.
> You can list all the buffers that are opened by mg by typing C-x C-b. The
> screen should divide into two and the top window will list the buffers that
> are currently open. Use C-x o to switch to the top window (we already
learned
> this key combination above in the Windows section) and then use the arrow
keys
> to move to the buffer you wish to switch to and then type the Enter key to
> select that buffer. Then use C-x 1 to switch back to only one window.
>
> You may also move back to the last opened buffer by using C-x b to toggle
back
> and forth between two buffers. Note the difference between C-x b and C-x
C-b.
>
> >> Use C-x C-f to open a new file
> >> Use C-x b to switch back and forth between that buffer and this one.
>
> To edit files in multiple windows, use C-x 2 to split the screen into two
> windows. Then use C-x C-f to open a new file in one of the two windows. You
> can then switch between the two windows using C-x o. You can switch between
> buffers in any window using C-x b. To go back to one window, use C-x 1.
>
> To kill any buffer, use C-x k. You will be prompted for the buffer to kill.
> By default, the current buffer is selected as the one to kill. You may also
> type another buffer name or use C-g to cancel the operation.
446a287,288
> Extended Commands
> -----------------
448,491c290,302
< MODE LINE
< ---------
<
< If Emacs sees that you are typing commands slowly it shows them to you
< at the bottom of the screen in an area called the "echo area." The echo
< area contains the bottom line of the screen. The line immediately above
< it is called the MODE LINE. The mode line says something like
<
< --**-Mg: TUTORIAL (fundamental)------------------------
<
< This is a very useful "information" line.
<
< The stars near the front mean that you have made changes to the text.
< Right after you visit or save a file, there are no stars, just dashes.
<
< The part of the mode line inside the parentheses is to tell you what
< modes you are in. The default mode is fundamental which is what you
< are in now. It is an example of a "mode". There are several modes in
< Emacs for editing different styles of text, such as indent, bsmap,
< fill, etc. Each mode makes a few commands behave differently.
<
< One mode which is very useful, especially for editing English text, is
< Auto Fill mode. When this mode is on, Emacs breaks the line in
< between words automatically whenever the line gets too long. You can
< turn this mode on by doing M-x auto-fill-mode<Return>. When the mode
< is on, you can turn it off by doing M-x auto-fill-mode<Return>.
<
< >> Type M-x auto-fill-mode<Return> now. Then insert a line of "asdf "
< over again until you see it divide into two lines. You must put in
< spaces between them because Auto Fill breaks lines only at spaces.
<
< The margin is usually set at 70 characters, but you can change it
< with the C-x f command. You should give the margin setting you want
< as a numeric argument.
<
< >> Type C-x f with an argument of 20. (C-u 2 0 C-x f).
< Then type in some text and see Emacs fill lines of 20
< characters with it. Then set the margin back to 70 using
< C-x f again.
<
< If you make changes in the middle of a paragraph, Auto Fill mode
< does not re-fill it for you.
< To re-fill the paragraph, type M-q (Meta-q) with the cursor inside
< that paragraph.
---
> The mg editor has several extended commands, more than what can be covered
> by the control and meta keys. The mg editor gets around this by using what
is
> called the X (eXtend) command. There are two forms of this:
>
> C-x Character eXtension. Followed by one character.
> M-x Named character eXtension. Followed by a long command.
>
> You've already seen C-x C-f and C-x C-s to open and save a file. There are
> other longer commands. For instance, you can also open a file by typing
> M-x open-file Enter. When you type a command using M-x, mg prompts you for
> the command at the bottom of the screen. You can type out the whole command
> if you wish, or you can type out part of the command and then use the TAB
key
> for autocompleting the command.
493c304,305
< >> Move the cursor into the previous paragraph and type M-q.
---
> For instance, to replace text, you can type M-x repl TAB enter to execute
> the replace-text command. To cancel this command, type C-g.
495,496c307
< SEARCHING
< ---------
---
> To see a list of all available mg(1) commands, consult the man pages.
498,551c309,310
< Emacs can do searches for strings (these are groups of contiguous
< characters or words) either forward through the file or backward
< through it. To search for the string means that you are trying to
< locate it somewhere in the file and have Emacs show you where the
< occurrences of the string exist. This type of search is somewhat
< different from what you may be familiar with. It is a search that is
< performed as you type in the thing to search for. The command to
< initiate a search is C-s for forward search, and C-r for reverse
< search. BUT WAIT! Don't do them now. When you type C-s you'll
< notice that the string "I-search" appears as a prompt in the echo
< area. This tells you that Emacs is in what is called an incremental
< search waiting for you to type the thing that you want to search for.
< <ESC> terminates a search.
<
< >> Now type C-s to start a search. SLOWLY, one letter at a time,
< type the word 'cursor', pausing after you type each
< character to notice what happens to the cursor.
< >> Type C-s to find the next occurrence of "cursor".
< >> Now type <DEL> four times and see how the cursor moves.
< >> Type <ESC> to terminate the search.
<
< Did you see what happened? Emacs, in an incremental search, tries to
< go to the occurrence of the string that you've typed out so far. To go
< to the next occurrence of 'cursor' just type C-s again. If no such
< occurrence exists Emacs beeps and tells you that it is a failing
< search. C-g would also terminate the search.
<
< If you are in the middle of an incremental search and type <DEL>,
< you'll notice that the last character in the search string is erased
< and the search backs up to the last place of the search. For
< instance, suppose you currently have typed 'cu' and you see that your
< cursor is at the first occurrence of 'cu'. If you now type <DEL>,
< the 'u' on the search line is erased and you'll be repositioned in the
< text to the occurrence of 'c' where the search took you before you
< typed the 'u'. This provides a useful means for backing up while you
< are searching.
<
< If you are in the middle of a search and happen to type a control
< character (other than a C-s or C-r, which tell Emacs to search for the
< next occurrence of the string), the search is terminated.
<
< The C-s starts a search that looks for any occurrence of the search
< string AFTER the current cursor position. But what if you want to
< search for something earlier in the text? To do this, type C-r for
< Reverse search. Everything that applies to C-s applies to C-r except
< that the direction of the search is reversed.
<
< If your incremental search fails and you type C-s or C-r again
< (without changing your search direction), Emacs will wrap the
< search around to the beginning (or end, if searching backwards) of
< the buffer and search from there.
<
< GETTING MORE HELP
< -----------------
---
> Exiting mg
> ----------
553,557c312,314
< In this tutorial we have tried to supply just enough information to
< get you started using Emacs. There is so much available in Emacs that
< it would be impossible to explain it all here. However, you may want
< to learn more about Emacs since it has numerous desirable features
< that you don't know about yet.
---
> To exit mg temporarily and return to the shell, use C-z. This will take you
> back to the command shell. To return back to mg, type fg in the shell and
you
> will be returned to your mg session.
558a316,317
> To exit mg permanently, type C-x C-c. If you have any unsaved buffers, you
> will be asked if you wish to save them or not.
560c319
< CONCLUSION
---
> Conclusion
563,564c322,325
< Remember, to exit Emacs permanently use C-x C-c. To exit to a shell
< temporarily, so that you can come back in, use C-z.
---
> This tutorial is meant to get new users up and running with mg. There is
more
> information available via the mg man pages. If you have any suggestions for
> improvement, please don't hesitate to drop a message or (better still)
submit
> a diff listing.
566,567c327,328
< This tutorial is meant to be understandable to all new users, so if
< you found something unclear, don't sit and blame yourself - complain!
---
> History
> -------
568a330,333
> The mg editor was based on MicroGnuEmacs, a stripped down version of the
GNU
> Emacs editor. See the README file for differences from GNU Emacs and why mg
> exists. Also see the other files accompanying mg for more system specific
> information.
570,571c335,339
< COPYING
< -------
---
> This tutorial was written based on a similar tutorial written for GNU Emacs
> by Richard M. Stallman.
>
> Copyright
> ---------
573,574c341,342
< This tutorial, like all of GNU Emacs, is copyrighted, and comes with
< permission to distribute copies on certain conditions:
---
> Copyright (c) 2008, Mayukh Bose
> All rights reserved.
576c344,345
< Copyright (c) 1985 Richard M. Stallman
---
> Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
> modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
578,606c347,366
< Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
< of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
< copyright notice and permission notice are preserved,
< and that the distributor grants the recipient permission
< for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.
<
< Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
< of this document, or of portions of it,
< under the above conditions, provided also that they
< carry prominent notices stating who last altered them.
<
< The conditions for copying Emacs itself are slightly different
< but in the same spirit. Please read the file COPYING and then
< do give copies of GNU Emacs to your friends.
< Help stamp out ownership of software by using, writing,
< and sharing free software!
<
< Mg itself is public domain, and may be given away freely. See the
< README file about differences from GNU emacs, and why Mg exists.
<
<
*****************************************************************************
**
< *** This document heavily cut by Randy M. Spencer to apply to
***
< *** Mg written my Mike Meyer and gang. It was released ***
< *** at the AAA users group meeting in Lafayette CA, an Amiga Users
***
< *** Group. My profound thanks to Richard Stallman for his work, I
***
< *** am proud to carry his initials.
***
< *** Additional modifications were done by Robert A. Larson for Mg
***
< *** version 2a, mainly the name change from MicroGnuEmacs to Mg.
***
<
*****************************************************************************
**
---
> * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
> this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
> * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
> notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
> the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
distribution.
> * Neither the name of Mayukh Bose nor the names of other contributors
may
> be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
> without specific prior written permission.
>
> THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
> AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
> THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
> PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
CONTRIBUTORS
> BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
> CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
> SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
> INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
> CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
> ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
> POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
608c368
< See other files accompanying this for more system specific information.
---
> The mg editor itself is public domain, and may be given away freely.
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